Human-Rights (Third Year)

Conscience or the so-called conscience is a person’s ability to distinguish whether an action is wrong or right, or to distinguish between what is right and what is wrong, and it is that which leads to a feeling of remorse when the things that an individual does conflict with his moral values, and to a sense of righteousness or integrity when Actions conform to moral values, and here the matter may differ as a result of the difference in the environment, the upbringing, or the concept of morality for each person .

The modern scientific interpretation of the conscience 

Interpreted modern in the field of humanities scholars of age , psychology and neuroscience conscience that the function of the brain that have evolved human to facilitate altruism and mutual ( English Altruism) or behavior directed by the individual to help others in the performance of their jobs or their needs without expecting any reward , and that within their communities. The conscience is a description and word that embodies a mass and a group of feelings, feelings, principles and values ​​that govern and captivate a person so that his behavior is good, respectful with others, he feels for them, maintains their feelings, does not oppress them, and takes into account their rights.

Why does the conscience disappear 

The conscience is a tangible thing inside the hearts. When the heart is overwhelmed with darkness, arrogance, vanity and deception, ego and desires rise above the voice of the conscience and the voice of the conscience becomes almost absent

If the voice of the ana rises over the conscience, sympathy is gone to the little one, so if the voice of the ana rises over the conscience, the sense of the old man is gone.

What are the ways to restore the pulse of conscience? 

• Determination not to return, or only to think that he will be drowning in darkness and the qualities that he describes as arrogant
• To learn more about the importance of conscience in life
• Looking at wars and activating feelings may increase the return of conscience
• Seeing your future and those around you to be loved, not rejected

Conscience in philosophy 

A composite of emotional experiences based on a person’s understanding of the moral responsibility of his behavior in society, and an individual’s own appreciation for his actions and behavior. The pronoun is not a birth attribute, but rather is determined by a person’s position in society, his life circumstances, his upbringing, and so on. The conscience is closely related to the duty, and one feels – with his awareness that he has completely fulfilled his duty – that he is a clear conscience, while the violation of duty is accompanied by the prongs of reprimand. And conscience, in its positive response to the demands of society, is a powerful driving force for the moral discipline of the individual. ^[1]

Conscience in psychology 

The psychology of the conscience is distinguished by the following characteristics:

• The conscience is an evaluative psychological apparatus related to the ego, so a person is concerned with evaluating himself by himself as he receives other people’s evaluations for what comes out of him from his actions.
• The conscience is characterized by comprehensiveness: it does not limit itself to evaluating one aspect of the personality, but rather deals with the personality as a whole
• Conscience deals with the past, present, and future: it does not blame its owner for what he issued from him in the past only, but rather he holds him accountable for what he does in the present time, for what he will do in the future
• The conscience may exaggerate in sluggishness and may exaggerate in cruelty: the conscience may be together or it may deviate either to dullness and lethargy, or to rhetoric in estimating errors
• The conscience may be individual and it may be collective: a person in his personal life and his relations with others and himself has an individual conscience, but the conscience may expand to include a group of people that may be limited or may extend to include an entire people, for example when a people’s army is defeated by another army, the people’s conscience may He revolts and may stage a coup against his rulers ^[2]

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Every year, around 250,000 people in the United States are victimized by hate crimes—crimes based in bigotry and biases that terrorize people because of who they are or what they believe.¹ Not only are these crimes usually targeted at minority groups, but they also rip apart the unity of our communities.

With so much destruction left in their wake, what motivates someone to engage in this type of hate-filled violence? The reasons are complex and multi-faceted. Here’s a closer look at hate crimes in the United States as well as the psychology behind them.

What Is a Hate Crime?

According to the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), a hate crime is a violent crime intended to harm or intimidate people or damage their property because of their race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, gender, gender identity, disability, religion, or other minority group status.²

Sometimes referred to as bias crimes, hate crimes are perpetrated by people who believe they are justified in acting out violently.

Some scholars believe the term “hate crime” is outdated and inaccurate because what causes people to act is rarely limited to hate alone. Instead, it’s a lethal mix of emotions ranging from from anger and fear to animosity and indignation. In fact, according to the FBI, hate alone is not a crime but instead an added component of offenses like murder, arson, vandalism, and assault.²

It’s also important to note that not all violence motivated by hate will be charged with a hate crime. For instance, according to the Anti-Defamation League, higher-level felonies like murder already have serious consequences, and the perpetrator is often not charged with a penalty involving a “lesser” sentencing.³

Why People Commit Hate Crimes

According to the American Psychological Association, “hate crimes are an extreme form of prejudice that is made more likely in the context of political and social change.”⁴

For instance, political bullying and discourse can lead people to devalue others that they know very little about, especially if they feel like their livelihood or way of life is being threatened (even when this is unsubstantiated by reality).

Likewise, they note that offenders aren’t necessarily motivated by hate, but instead may be fearful or angry instead. Ultimately, these feelings can lead them to dehumanize unfamiliar groups of people and target them with aggression.⁴

Additionally, people tend to view groups of people that they’re not a part of as more homogeneous than their own group. In other words, when they see someone from a minority group, they are less likely to see them as an individual and more likely to apply biases.

They assume they know what the person is like and never really see them apart from the group. Consequently, these assumptions along with prejudices and stereotypes can become the foundations for hate crimes.

Motivating Factors of Hate Crimes

When it comes to understanding the psychology behind hate crimes, law enforcement agencies like the FBI often cite a study conducted by sociologists Jack McDevitt and Jack Levin.

In their study, McDevitt and Levin identified four primary motivations of people who commit hate crimes. These motivating factors include thrill-seeking, defensive, retaliating, and mission-oriented behaviors.⁵ Here is a closer look at each motivating factor.

Thrill-Seeking Offenders

Driven by an imbalanced need for excitement and drama, these offenders are often people seeking to stir up trouble. Many times, there is no real reason for their crimes. They are simply interested in the rush of excitement they get from wreaking havoc on the lives on others, especially those who can’t defend themselves.

For this reason, they gravitate toward people who are more vulnerable because of their race, sexual identity, gender, or religious background. They also typically believe that society doesn’t care what happens to these victims. They may even believe others will applaud their attacks.

When it comes to thrill-seeking offenders, they are responsible for 66% of the hate crimes in the United States according to the Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC).⁶ What’s more, in 90% of cases, those who commit these types of crimes don’t even know their victims.

Defensive Offenders

When it comes to defensive offenders, these attackers see themselves as defending something important to them—like their communities, their workplaces, their religion, or their country. Unlike the thrill-seekers who attack their victims by chance and without warning, defensive offenders target and victimize specific people.

Defenders also rationalize and justify their actions as necessary steps in order to provide protection and keep threats from materializing. And, just like thrill-seekers, they show little or no remorse for their actions.

Instead, they feel justified. They also believe that most of society supports what they do but are just too afraid to act.

Overall, defensive offenders are responsible for 25% of the hate crimes in the U.S. They rationalize their attacks by identifying some sort of threat to themselves, their identities, or their communities.⁶

A former New Jersey police chief, Frank Nucera Jr., is an example of a defensive offender who injured a Black teenager while in police custody. He shouted a racist claim that Black people were part of ISIS and that Donald Trump was the last hope for whites.

Retaliatory Offenders

Motivated by revenge, these offenders are often motivated by something that happened in their lives. Either they were victimized personally or they witnessed an incident involving hate or terrorism and that has been the catalyst for their crime.

Additionally, they often act alone and target those affiliated in some way to the original offenders. For instance, the retaliatory offender’s target may be of the same race or religion as those they blame for something else, but who had nothing to do with the original crime.

With retaliatory attacks, offenders are acting out in response to a real or perceived crime committed against themselves or others.⁶ These attacks comprise 8% of the hate crimes committed each year.

An example of retaliatory offenders could be seen after the 9/11 attacks. Hate crimes against Arabs and Muslims rose exponentially following 9/11.

Mission Offenders

While this type of hate crime is rare — representing only 1% of the hate crimes committed — it is often the most hate-filled and violent. These offenders make a career out their hate and often write at length about their feelings. They also usually have elaborate, premeditated plans of attack.⁶

The people who commit these crimes are often connected to groups that share their views and see themselves as crusaders for a race, religion, or political cause. Their goal is to wage war against their perceived enemies.

Overall, mission offenders write lengthy manifestos, visit hate websites that support their views, and are willing to travel in order to target people at specific sites or locations. Because these offenders believe that the system is rigged against them, they feel justified in attacking innocent people.

Additionally, their crimes often look a great deal like terrorism. Consequently, scholars often believe that the two extremes often overlap. For instance, white supremacist Dylan Roof who killed nine people in a predominately Black church in Charleston and Omar Mateen who killed 49 people at a gay nightclub in Orlando would both be considered mission offenders.

A Word From Verywell

Unfortunately, hate is prevalent in the United States. But it doesn’t have to be that way. You can help put an end to hate crimes, by speaking out against biases, prejudices, and stereotypes. After all, understanding and appreciating one another as individuals — rather than dehumanizing people — is the first step toward ending hate in this country.

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What Are the Effects of Hate Crimes?

People victimized by violent hate crimes are more likely to experience more psychological distress than victims of other violent crimes.ⁱⁱ Specifically, victims of crimes that are bias-motivated are more likely to experience post-traumatic stress, safety concerns, depression, anxiety and anger than victims of crimes that are not motivated by bias.^iii,iv,v

Hate crimes send messages to members of the victim’s group that they are unwelcome and unsafe in the community, victimizing the entire group and decreasing feelings of safety and security.^vi,vii Furthermore, witnessing discrimination against one’s own group can lead to psychological distress and lower self-esteem.^viii

What Leads to Hate Crimes?

Hate crimes are an extreme form of prejudice, made more likely in the context of social and political change. Public and political discourse may devalue members of unfamiliar groups,^ix and offenders may feel that their livelihood or way of life is threatened by demographic changes.^x Offenders may not be motivated by hate, but rather by fear, ignorance or anger. These can lead to dehumanization of unfamiliar groups and to targeted aggression.^xi,xii

How Prevalent Are Hate Crimes?

• The FBI reported 7,145 hate crimes in 2017;^xiii however, the majority of hate crimes are never reported, so these data underestimate the true pervasiveness.^xiv
• Reported hate crimes in 2017 were motivated by hostility based on race/ethnicity (58.1 percent), religion (22.0 percent), sexual orientation (15.9 percent), gender identity (.6 percent) and disability (1.6 percent). Hate crimes targeted Jewish, African-American and LGBT communities at high rates.

Psychological research has shown that prejudice, stereotyping and discrimination can have adverse effects on both the targets and the perpetrators.—Antonio E. Puente, PhD, 2017 APA President

The American Psychological Association Condemns All Hate Crimes

APA supports the efforts of researchers, law enforcement, clinicians, teachers and policy-makers to reduce the prevalence of hate crimes and to alleviate their effects upon victims.^xix We can address hate crimes through the following prevention and intervention policies and programs:

• Support implementation of the Matthew Shepard and James Byrd, Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act and full funding for the Department of Justice’s  Civil Rights Division, Office for Victims of Crime and Community Relations Service.
• Enact hate crime laws in states lacking legislation and strengthen laws in others, incorporating race, religion, ethnicity/national origin, sexual orientation, gender, gender identity and disability.^xx
• Follow law-enforcement and community guidelines outlined by campaigns such as ‘Building Stronger, Safer Communities’ and ‘Not in Our Town.’

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The Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Program generates reliable statistics for use in law enforcement. It also provides information for students of criminal justice, researchers, the media, and the public. The program has been providing crime statistics since 1930.

The UCR Program includes data from more than 18,000 city, university and college, county, state, tribal, and federal law enforcement agencies. Agencies participate voluntarily and submit their crime data either through a state UCR program or directly to the FBI’s UCR Program.

National Incident-Based Reporting System 

The National Incident-Based Reporting System, or NIBRS, implemented to improve the overall quality of crime data collected by law enforcement. It captures details on each single crime incident—as well as on separate offenses within the same incident. The historic Summary Reporting System (SRS) data collection, which collects more limited information than the more robust NIBRS, was phased out to make UCR a NIBRS-only data collection as of Jan. 1, 2021.

Hate Crime Statistics 

The Hate Crime Statistics Program provides information on crimes motivated by offenders’ bias against race, gender, gender identity, religion, disability, sexual orientation, and ethnicity. These data are also collected via NIBRS.

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